node.views.inc

Provide views data and handlers for node.module.

File

modules/node.views.inc

View source
<?php


/**
 * @file
 * Provide views data and handlers for node.module.
 *
 * @ingroup views_module_handlers
 */

/**
 * Implements hook_views_data().
 */
function node_views_data() {
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------
    // 'node' table -- basic table information.
    // Define the base group of this table. Fields that don't have a group
    // defined will go into this field by default.
    $data['node']['table']['group'] = t('Content');
    // Advertise this table as a possible base table.
    $data['node']['table']['base'] = array(
        'field' => 'nid',
        'title' => t('Content'),
        'weight' => -10,
        'access query tag' => 'node_access',
        'defaults' => array(
            'field' => 'title',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['table']['entity type'] = 'node';
    $data['node']['table']['default_relationship'] = array(
        'node_revision' => array(
            'table' => 'node_revision',
            'field' => 'vid',
        ),
    );
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------
    // 'node' table -- fields.
    // Node ID / 'nid'.
    $data['node']['nid'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Nid'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The node ID.'),
        // Information for displaying the nid.
'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        // Information for accepting a nid as an argument.
'argument' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_nid',
            'name field' => 'title',
            // The field to display in the summary.
'numeric' => TRUE,
            'validate type' => 'nid',
        ),
        // Information for accepting a nid as a filter.
'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_numeric',
        ),
        // Information for sorting on a nid.
'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
        ),
    );
    // Title.
    // This definition has more items in it than it needs to as an example.
    $data['node']['title'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Title'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The content title.'),
        // Information for displaying a title as a field.
'field' => array(
            'field' => 'title',
            // The real field. This could be left out since it is the same.
'group' => t('Content'),
            // The group it appears in on the UI. Could be left out.
'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
            'link_to_node default' => TRUE,
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
        ),
        // Information for accepting a title as a filter.
'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_string',
        ),
        'argument' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_string',
        ),
    );
    // Created field.
    $data['node']['created'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Post date'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The date the content was posted.'),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_date',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort_date',
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_date',
        ),
    );
    // Changed field.
    $data['node']['changed'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Updated date'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The date the content was last updated.'),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_date',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort_date',
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_date',
        ),
    );
    // Content type.
    $data['node']['type'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Type'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The content type (for example, "blog entry", "forum post", "story", etc).'),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_type',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_node_type',
        ),
        'argument' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_type',
        ),
    );
    // Published status.
    $data['node']['status'] = array(
        'title' => t('Published status'),
        'help' => t('Whether or not the content is published.'),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_boolean',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
            'output formats' => array(
                'published-notpublished' => array(
                    t('Published'),
                    t('Not published'),
                ),
            ),
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_boolean_operator',
            'label' => t('Published status'),
            'type' => 'yes-no',
            'use equal' => TRUE,
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
        ),
    );
    // Published status + extra.
    $data['node']['status_extra'] = array(
        'title' => t('Published status or admin user'),
        'help' => t('Filters out unpublished content if the current user cannot view it.'),
        'filter' => array(
            'field' => 'status',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_node_status',
            'label' => t('Published status or admin user'),
        ),
    );
    // Promote status.
    $data['node']['promote'] = array(
        'title' => t('Promoted to front page status'),
        'help' => t('Whether or not the content is promoted to the front page.'),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_boolean',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
            'output formats' => array(
                'promoted-notpromoted' => array(
                    t('Promoted'),
                    t('Not promoted'),
                ),
            ),
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_boolean_operator',
            'label' => t('Promoted to front page status'),
            'type' => 'yes-no',
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
        ),
    );
    // Sticky.
    $data['node']['sticky'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Sticky status'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('Whether or not the content is sticky.'),
        // Information for displaying a title as a field.
'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_boolean',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
            'output formats' => array(
                'sticky' => array(
                    t('Sticky'),
                    t('Not sticky'),
                ),
            ),
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_boolean_operator',
            'label' => t('Sticky status'),
            'type' => 'yes-no',
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
            'help' => t('Whether or not the content is sticky. To list sticky content first, set this to descending.'),
        ),
    );
    // Define some fields based upon views_handler_field_entity in the entity
    // table so they can be re-used with other query backends.
    // @see views_handler_field_entity()
    $data['views_entity_node']['table']['group'] = t('Content');
    $data['node']['view_node']['moved to'] = array(
        'views_entity_node',
        'view_node',
    );
    $data['views_entity_node']['view_node'] = array(
        'field' => array(
            'title' => t('Link to content'),
            'help' => t('Provide a simple link to the content.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_link',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['edit_node']['moved to'] = array(
        'views_entity_node',
        'edit_node',
    );
    $data['views_entity_node']['edit_node'] = array(
        'field' => array(
            'title' => t('Link to edit content'),
            'help' => t('Provide a simple link to edit the content.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_link_edit',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['delete_node']['moved to'] = array(
        'views_entity_node',
        'delete_node',
    );
    $data['views_entity_node']['delete_node'] = array(
        'field' => array(
            'title' => t('Link to delete content'),
            'help' => t('Provide a simple link to delete the content.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_link_delete',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['path'] = array(
        'field' => array(
            'title' => t('Path'),
            'help' => t('The aliased path to this content.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_path',
        ),
    );
    // Bogus fields for aliasing purposes.
    $data['node']['created_fulldate'] = array(
        'title' => t('Created date'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of CCYYMMDD.'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'created',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_fulldate',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['created_year_month'] = array(
        'title' => t('Created year + month'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of YYYYMM.'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'created',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_year_month',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['created_year'] = array(
        'title' => t('Created year'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of YYYY.'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'created',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_year',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['created_month'] = array(
        'title' => t('Created month'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of MM (01 - 12).'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'created',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_month',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['created_day'] = array(
        'title' => t('Created day'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of DD (01 - 31).'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'created',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_day',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['created_week'] = array(
        'title' => t('Created week'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of WW (01 - 53).'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'created',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_week',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['changed_fulldate'] = array(
        'title' => t('Updated date'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of CCYYMMDD.'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'changed',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_fulldate',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['changed_year_month'] = array(
        'title' => t('Updated year + month'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of YYYYMM.'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'changed',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_year_month',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['changed_year'] = array(
        'title' => t('Updated year'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of YYYY.'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'changed',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_year',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['changed_month'] = array(
        'title' => t('Updated month'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of MM (01 - 12).'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'changed',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_month',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['changed_day'] = array(
        'title' => t('Updated day'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of DD (01 - 31).'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'changed',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_day',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['changed_week'] = array(
        'title' => t('Updated week'),
        'help' => t('Date in the form of WW (01 - 53).'),
        'argument' => array(
            'field' => 'changed',
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_created_week',
        ),
    );
    // User ID / 'uid' field.
    $data['node']['uid'] = array(
        'title' => t('Author uid'),
        'help' => t('The user authoring the content. If you need more fields than the uid add the content: author relationship'),
        'relationship' => array(
            'title' => t('Content author'),
            'help' => t('Relate content to the user who created it.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_relationship',
            'base' => 'users',
            'field' => 'uid',
            'label' => t('author'),
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_user_name',
        ),
        'argument' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_numeric',
        ),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_user',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['uid_revision'] = array(
        'title' => t('User has a revision'),
        'help' => t('All nodes where a certain user has a revision'),
        'real field' => 'nid',
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_node_uid_revision',
        ),
        'argument' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_uid_revision',
        ),
    );
    $data['node']['version_count'] = array(
        'title' => t('Version Count'),
        'help' => t('The total count of versions/revisions of a certain node.'),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_version_count',
            'field' => 'nid',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_node_version_count',
            'allow empty' => FALSE,
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort_node_version_count',
        ),
    );
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Content revision table.
    // Define the base group of this table. Fields that don't have a group
    // defined will go into this field by default.
    $data['node_revisions']['moved to'] = 'node_revision';
    $data['node_revision']['table']['entity type'] = 'node';
    $data['node_revision']['table']['revision'] = TRUE;
    $data['node_revision']['table']['group'] = t('Content revision');
    // Support the conversion of the field body.
    $data['node_revisions']['body']['moved to'] = array(
        'field_revision_data',
        'body-revision_id',
    );
    // Advertise this table as a possible base table.
    $data['node_revision']['table']['base'] = array(
        'field' => 'vid',
        'title' => t('Content revision'),
        'help' => t('Content revision is a history of changes to content.'),
        'defaults' => array(
            'field' => 'title',
        ),
    );
    // For other base tables, explain how we join.
    $data['node_revision']['table']['join'] = array(
        // Directly links to node table.
'node' => array(
            'left_field' => 'vid',
            'field' => 'vid',
        ),
    );
    $data['node_revision']['table']['default_relationship'] = array(
        'node' => array(
            'table' => 'node',
            'field' => 'nid',
        ),
    );
    // User ID / 'uid' field for node revision.
    $data['node_revision']['uid'] = array(
        'title' => t('User'),
        'help' => t('Relate a content revision to the user who created the revision.'),
        'relationship' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_relationship',
            'base' => 'users',
            'base field' => 'uid',
            'label' => t('revision user'),
        ),
    );
    // Node ID / 'nid'.
    $data['node_revision']['nid'] = array(
        'title' => t('Nid'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The revision NID of the content revision.'),
        // Information for displaying the nid.
'field' => array(
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        // Information for accepting a nid as an argument.
'argument' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_nid',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
            'numeric' => TRUE,
        ),
        // Information for accepting a nid as a filter.
'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_numeric',
        ),
        // Information for sorting on a nid.
'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
        ),
        'relationship' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_relationship',
            'base' => 'node',
            'base field' => 'nid',
            'title' => t('Content'),
            'label' => t('Get the actual content from a content revision.'),
        ),
    );
    // Revision ID / 'vid'.
    $data['node_revision']['vid'] = array(
        'title' => t('Vid'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The revision ID of the content revision.'),
        // Information for displaying the vid.
'field' => array(
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        // Information for accepting a vid as an argument.
'argument' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_node_vid',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
            'numeric' => TRUE,
        ),
        // Information for accepting a vid as a filter.
'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_numeric',
        ),
        // Information for sorting on a vid.
'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
        ),
        'relationship' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_relationship',
            'base' => 'node',
            'base field' => 'vid',
            'title' => t('Content'),
            'label' => t('Get the actual content from a content revision.'),
        ),
    );
    // Title.
    $data['node_revision']['title'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Title'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The content title.'),
        // Information for displaying a title as a field.
'field' => array(
            'field' => 'title',
            // The real field.
'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_revision',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort',
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_string',
        ),
        'argument' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_argument_string',
        ),
    );
    // Log field.
    $data['node_revision']['log'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Log message'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The log message entered when the revision was created.'),
        // Information for displaying a title as a field.
'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_xss',
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_string',
        ),
    );
    // Revision timestamp / 'changed' field.
    $data['node_revision']['timestamp'] = array(
        // The item it appears as on the UI.
'title' => t('Updated date'),
        // The help that appears on the UI.
'help' => t('The date the node was last updated.'),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_date',
            'click sortable' => TRUE,
        ),
        'sort' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_sort_date',
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_date',
        ),
    );
    $data['node_revision']['link_to_revision'] = array(
        'field' => array(
            'title' => t('Link to revision'),
            'help' => t('Provide a simple link to the revision.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_revision_link',
        ),
    );
    $data['node_revision']['revert_revision'] = array(
        'field' => array(
            'title' => t('Link to revert revision'),
            'help' => t('Provide a simple link to revert to the revision.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_revision_link_revert',
        ),
    );
    $data['node_revision']['delete_revision'] = array(
        'field' => array(
            'title' => t('Link to delete revision'),
            'help' => t('Provide a simple link to delete the content revision.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_node_revision_link_delete',
        ),
    );
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // Node access table.
    // Define the base group of this table. Fields that don't have a group
    // defined will go into this field by default.
    $data['node_access']['table']['group'] = t('Content access');
    // For other base tables, explain how we join.
    $data['node_access']['table']['join'] = array(
        // Directly links to node table.
'node' => array(
            'left_field' => 'nid',
            'field' => 'nid',
        ),
    );
    // Node ID / 'nid' field.
    $data['node_access']['nid'] = array(
        'title' => t('Access'),
        'help' => t('Filter by access.'),
        'filter' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_node_access',
            'help' => t('Filter for content by view access. <strong>Not necessary if you are using node as your base table.</strong>'),
        ),
    );
    // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    // History table.
    // We're actually defining a specific instance of the table, so let's alias
    // it so that we can later add the real table for other purposes if we need
    // it.
    $data['history_user']['moved to'] = 'history';
    $data['history']['table']['group'] = t('Content');
    // Explain how this table joins to others.
    $data['history']['table']['join'] = array(
        // Directly links to node table.
'node' => array(
            'table' => 'history',
            'left_field' => 'nid',
            'field' => 'nid',
            'extra' => array(
                array(
                    'field' => 'uid',
                    'value' => '***CURRENT_USER***',
                    'numeric' => TRUE,
                ),
            ),
        ),
    );
    $data['history']['timestamp'] = array(
        'title' => t('Has new content'),
        'field' => array(
            'handler' => 'views_handler_field_history_user_timestamp',
            'help' => t('Show a marker if the content is new or updated.'),
        ),
        'filter' => array(
            'help' => t('Show only content that is new or updated.'),
            'handler' => 'views_handler_filter_history_user_timestamp',
        ),
    );
    return $data;
}

/**
 * Implements hook_views_plugins().
 */
function node_views_plugins() {
    return array(
        'module' => 'views',
        // This just tells our themes are elsewhere.
'row' => array(
            'node' => array(
                'title' => t('Content'),
                'help' => t('Display the content with standard node view.'),
                'handler' => 'views_plugin_row_node_view',
                'path' => drupal_get_path('module', 'views') . '/modules/node',
                // Not necessary for most modules.
'base' => array(
                    'node',
                ),
                // Only works with 'node' as base.
'uses options' => TRUE,
                'type' => 'normal',
                'help topic' => 'style-node',
            ),
            'node_rss' => array(
                'title' => t('Content'),
                'help' => t('Display the content with standard node view.'),
                'handler' => 'views_plugin_row_node_rss',
                'path' => drupal_get_path('module', 'views') . '/modules/node',
                // Not necessary for most modules.
'theme' => 'views_view_row_rss',
                'base' => array(
                    'node',
                ),
                // Only works with 'node' as base.
'uses options' => TRUE,
                'type' => 'feed',
                'help topic' => 'style-node-rss',
            ),
        ),
        'argument validator' => array(
            'node' => array(
                'title' => t('Content'),
                'handler' => 'views_plugin_argument_validate_node',
            ),
        ),
        'argument default' => array(
            'node' => array(
                'title' => t('Content ID from URL'),
                'handler' => 'views_plugin_argument_default_node',
            ),
        ),
    );
}

/**
 * Implements hook_preprocess_node().
 */
function node_row_node_view_preprocess_node(&$vars) {
    $node = $vars['node'];
    $options = $vars['view']->style_plugin->row_plugin->options;
    // Prevent the comment form from showing up if this is not a page display.
    if ($vars['view_mode'] == 'full' && !$vars['view']->display_handler
        ->has_path()) {
        $node->comment = FALSE;
    }
    if (!$options['links']) {
        unset($vars['content']['links']);
    }
    if (module_exists('comment') && !empty($options['comments']) && user_access('access comments') && $node->comment) {
        $vars['content']['comments'] = comment_node_page_additions($node);
    }
}

/**
 * Implements hook_views_query_substitutions().
 */
function node_views_query_substitutions() {
    return array(
        '***ADMINISTER_NODES***' => intval(user_access('administer nodes')),
        '***VIEW_OWN_UNPUBLISHED_NODES***' => intval(user_access('view own unpublished content')),
        '***BYPASS_NODE_ACCESS***' => intval(user_access('bypass node access')),
    );
}

/**
 * Implements hook_views_analyze().
 */
function node_views_analyze($view) {
    $ret = array();
    // Check for something other than the default display.
    if ($view->base_table == 'node') {
        foreach ($view->display as $display) {
            if (empty($display->handler)) {
                continue;
            }
            if (!$display->handler
                ->is_defaulted('access') || !$display->handler
                ->is_defaulted('filters')) {
                // Check for no access control.
                $access = $display->handler
                    ->get_option('access');
                if (empty($access['type']) || $access['type'] == 'none') {
                    $select = db_select('role', 'r');
                    $select->innerJoin('role_permission', 'p', 'r.rid = p.rid');
                    $result = $select->fields('r', array(
                        'name',
                    ))
                        ->fields('p', array(
                        'permission',
                    ))
                        ->condition('r.name', array(
                        'anonymous user',
                        'authenticated user',
                    ), 'IN')
                        ->condition('p.permission', 'access content')
                        ->execute();
                    foreach ($result as $role) {
                        $role->safe = TRUE;
                        $roles[$role->name] = $role;
                    }
                    if (!($roles['anonymous user']->safe && $roles['authenticated user']->safe)) {
                        $ret[] = views_ui_analysis(t('Some roles lack permission to access content, but display %display has no access control.', array(
                            '%display' => $display->display_title,
                        )), 'warning');
                    }
                    $filters = $display->handler
                        ->get_option('filters');
                    foreach ($filters as $filter) {
                        if ($filter['table'] == 'node' && ($filter['field'] == 'status' || $filter['field'] == 'status_extra')) {
                            continue 2;
                        }
                    }
                    $ret[] = views_ui_analysis(t('Display %display has no access control but does not contain a filter for published nodes.', array(
                        '%display' => $display->display_title,
                    )), 'warning');
                }
            }
        }
    }
    foreach ($view->display as $display) {
        if ($display->display_plugin == 'page') {
            if ($display->handler
                ->get_option('path') == 'node/%') {
                $ret[] = views_ui_analysis(t('Display %display has set node/% as path. This will not produce what you want. If you want to have multiple versions of the node view, use panels.', array(
                    '%display' => $display->display_title,
                )), 'warning');
            }
        }
    }
    return $ret;
}

Related topics

Functions

Title Deprecated Summary
node_row_node_view_preprocess_node Implements hook_preprocess_node().
node_views_analyze Implements hook_views_analyze().
node_views_data Implements hook_views_data().
node_views_plugins Implements hook_views_plugins().
node_views_query_substitutions Implements hook_views_query_substitutions().