FormattableMarkup.php

<?php

namespace Drupal\Component\Render;

use Drupal\Component\Utility\Html;
use Drupal\Component\Utility\UrlHelper;

/**
 * Formats a string for HTML display by replacing variable placeholders.
 *
 * When cast to a string, this object replaces variable placeholders in the
 * string with the arguments passed in during construction and escapes the
 * values so they can be safely displayed as HTML. See the documentation of
 * \Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat() for details
 * on the supported placeholders and how to use them securely. Incorrect use of
 * this class can result in security vulnerabilities.
 *
 * In most cases, you should use TranslatableMarkup or PluralTranslatableMarkup
 * rather than this object, since they will translate the text (on
 * non-English-only sites) in addition to formatting it. Variables concatenated
 * without the insertion of language-specific words or punctuation are some
 * examples where translation is not applicable and using this class directly
 * directly is appropriate.
 *
 * This class is designed for formatting messages that are mostly text, not as
 * an HTML template language. As such:
 * - The passed in string should contain no (or minimal) HTML.
 * - Variable placeholders should not be used within the "<" and ">" of an
 *   HTML tag, such as in HTML attribute values. This would be a security
 *   risk. Examples:
 *   @code
 *     // Insecure (placeholder within "<" and ">"):
 *     $this->placeholderFormat('<@variable>text</@variable>', ['@variable' => $variable]);
 *     // Insecure (placeholder within "<" and ">"):
 *     $this->placeholderFormat('<a @variable>link text</a>', ['@variable' => $variable]);
 *     // Insecure (placeholder within "<" and ">"):
 *     $this->placeholderFormat('<a title="@variable">link text</a>', ['@variable' => $variable]);
 *   @endcode
 *   Only the "href" attribute is supported via the special ":variable"
 *   placeholder, to allow simple links to be inserted:
 *   @code
 *     // Secure (usage of ":variable" placeholder for href attribute):
 *     $this->placeholderFormat('<a href=":variable">link text</a>', [':variable' , $variable]);
 *     // Secure (usage of ":variable" placeholder for href attribute):
 *     $this->placeholderFormat('<a href=":variable" title="static text">link text</a>', [':variable' => $variable]);
 *     // Insecure (the "@variable" placeholder does not filter dangerous
 *     // protocols):
 *     $this->placeholderFormat('<a href="@variable">link text</a>', ['@variable' => $variable]);
 *     // Insecure ("@variable" placeholder within "<" and ">"):
 *     $this->placeholderFormat('<a href=":url" title="@variable">link text</a>', [':url' => $url, '@variable' => $variable]);
 *   @endcode
 * To build non-minimal HTML, use an HTML template language such as Twig,
 * rather than this class.
 *
 * @ingroup sanitization
 *
 * @see \Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup
 * @see \Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\PluralTranslatableMarkup
 * @see \Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat()
 */
class FormattableMarkup implements MarkupInterface, \Countable {
    
    /**
     * The string containing placeholders.
     *
     * @var string
     */
    protected $string;
    
    /**
     * The arguments to replace placeholders with.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $arguments = [];
    
    /**
     * Constructs a new class instance.
     *
     * @param string $string
     *   A string containing placeholders. The string itself will not be escaped,
     *   any unsafe content must be in $args and inserted via placeholders.
     * @param array $arguments
     *   An array with placeholder replacements, keyed by placeholder. See
     *   \Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat() for
     *   additional information about placeholders.
     *
     * @see \Drupal\Component\Render\FormattableMarkup::placeholderFormat()
     */
    public function __construct($string, array $arguments) {
        $this->string = (string) $string;
        $this->arguments = $arguments;
    }
    
    /**
     * {@inheritdoc}
     */
    public function __toString() {
        return static::placeholderFormat($this->string, $this->arguments);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns the string length.
     *
     * @return int
     *   The length of the string.
     */
    public function count() {
        return mb_strlen($this->string);
    }
    
    /**
     * Returns a representation of the object for use in JSON serialization.
     *
     * @return string
     *   The safe string content.
     */
    public function jsonSerialize() {
        return $this->__toString();
    }
    
    /**
     * Replaces placeholders in a string with values.
     *
     * @param string $string
     *   A string containing placeholders. The string itself is expected to be
     *   safe and correct HTML. Any unsafe content must be in $args and
     *   inserted via placeholders.
     * @param array $args
     *   An associative array of replacements. Each array key should be the same
     *   as a placeholder in $string. The corresponding value should be a string
     *   or an object that implements
     *   \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface. The value replaces the
     *   placeholder in $string. Sanitization and formatting will be done before
     *   replacement. The type of sanitization and formatting depends on the first
     *   character of the key:
     *   - @variable: When the placeholder replacement value is:
     *     - A string, the replaced value in the returned string will be sanitized
     *       using \Drupal\Component\Utility\Html::escape().
     *     - A MarkupInterface object, the replaced value in the returned string
     *       will not be sanitized.
     *     - A MarkupInterface object cast to a string, the replaced value in the
     *       returned string be forcibly sanitized using
     *       \Drupal\Component\Utility\Html::escape().
     *       @code
     *         $this->placeholderFormat('This will force HTML-escaping of the replacement value: @text', ['@text' => (string) $safe_string_interface_object));
     *       @endcode
     *     Use this placeholder as the default choice for anything displayed on
     *     the site, but not within HTML attributes, JavaScript, or CSS. Doing so
     *     is a security risk.
     *   - %variable: Use when the replacement value is to be wrapped in <em>
     *     tags.
     *     A call like:
     *     @code
     *       $string = "%output_text";
     *       $arguments = ['%output_text' => 'text output here.'];
     *       $this->placeholderFormat($string, $arguments);
     *     @endcode
     *     makes the following HTML code:
     *     @code
     *       <em class="placeholder">text output here.</em>
     *     @endcode
     *     As with @variable, do not use this within HTML attributes, JavaScript,
     *     or CSS. Doing so is a security risk.
     *   - :variable: Return value is escaped with
     *     \Drupal\Component\Utility\Html::escape() and filtered for dangerous
     *     protocols using UrlHelper::stripDangerousProtocols(). Use this when
     *     using the "href" attribute, ensuring the attribute value is always
     *     wrapped in quotes:
     *     @code
     *     // Secure (with quotes):
     *     $this->placeholderFormat('<a href=":url">@variable</a>', [':url' => $url, '@variable' => $variable]);
     *     // Insecure (without quotes):
     *     $this->placeholderFormat('<a href=:url>@variable</a>', [':url' => $url, '@variable' => $variable]);
     *     @endcode
     *     When ":variable" comes from arbitrary user input, the result is secure,
     *     but not guaranteed to be a valid URL (which means the resulting output
     *     could fail HTML validation). To guarantee a valid URL, use
     *     Url::fromUri($user_input)->toString() (which either throws an exception
     *     or returns a well-formed URL) before passing the result into a
     *     ":variable" placeholder.
     *
     * @return string
     *   A formatted HTML string with the placeholders replaced.
     *
     * @ingroup sanitization
     *
     * @see \Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\TranslatableMarkup
     * @see \Drupal\Core\StringTranslation\PluralTranslatableMarkup
     * @see \Drupal\Component\Utility\Html::escape()
     * @see \Drupal\Component\Utility\UrlHelper::stripDangerousProtocols()
     * @see \Drupal\Core\Url::fromUri()
     */
    protected static function placeholderFormat($string, array $args) {
        // Transform arguments before inserting them.
        foreach ($args as $key => $value) {
            switch ($key[0]) {
                case '@':
                    // Escape if the value is not an object from a class that implements
                    // \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface, for example strings will
                    // be escaped.
                    // Strings that are safe within HTML fragments, but not within other
                    // contexts, may still be an instance of
                    // \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface, so this placeholder type
                    // must not be used within HTML attributes, JavaScript, or CSS.
                    $args[$key] = static::placeholderEscape($value);
                    break;
                case ':':
                    // Strip URL protocols that can be XSS vectors.
                    $value = UrlHelper::stripDangerousProtocols($value);
                    // Escape unconditionally, without checking whether the value is an
                    // instance of \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface. This forces
                    // characters that are unsafe for use in an "href" HTML attribute to
                    // be encoded. If a caller wants to pass a value that is extracted
                    // from HTML and therefore is already HTML encoded, it must invoke
                    // \Drupal\Component\Render\OutputStrategyInterface::renderFromHtml()
                    // on it prior to passing it in as a placeholder value of this type.
                    // @todo Add some advice and stronger warnings.
                    //   https://www.drupal.org/node/2569041.
                    $args[$key] = Html::escape($value);
                    break;
                case '%':
                    // Similarly to @, escape non-safe values. Also, add wrapping markup
                    // in order to render as a placeholder. Not for use within attributes,
                    // per the warning above about
                    // \Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface and also due to the
                    // wrapping markup.
                    $args[$key] = '<em class="placeholder">' . static::placeholderEscape($value) . '</em>';
                    break;
                default:
                    // We do not trigger an error for placeholder that start with an
                    // alphabetic character.
                    // @todo https://www.drupal.org/node/2807743 Change to an exception
                    //   and always throw regardless of the first character.
                    if (!ctype_alpha($key[0])) {
                        // We trigger an error as we may want to introduce new placeholders
                        // in the future without breaking backward compatibility.
                        trigger_error('Invalid placeholder (' . $key . ') in string: ' . $string, E_USER_ERROR);
                    }
                    elseif (strpos($string, $key) !== FALSE) {
                        trigger_error('Invalid placeholder (' . $key . ') in string: ' . $string, E_USER_DEPRECATED);
                    }
                    // No replacement possible therefore we can discard the argument.
                    unset($args[$key]);
                    break;
            }
        }
        return strtr($string, $args);
    }
    
    /**
     * Escapes a placeholder replacement value if needed.
     *
     * @param string|\Drupal\Component\Render\MarkupInterface $value
     *   A placeholder replacement value.
     *
     * @return string
     *   The properly escaped replacement value.
     */
    protected static function placeholderEscape($value) {
        return $value instanceof MarkupInterface ? (string) $value : Html::escape($value);
    }

}